2003: THE YEAR IN REVIEW

Academia boasts strides in Ukrainian studies

Relations between the diaspora and the homeland were the focus of the first Petro Jacyk Memorial Symposium, which took place on March 20-21 at Harvard University and brought together sociologists from Canada, the United States and Ukraine to discuss the current state of the Ukrainian disapora in North America and its relations with independent Ukraine.

Dubbed "Diaspora and Homeland in the Transnational Age: the Case of Ukraine," the symposium was the first biennial symposium organized by the HURI. In 2001 HURI's Executive Committee, wishing to honor the late philanthropist Petro Jacyk of Toronto, a longtime friend and generous supporter of Ukrainian studies, amended the terms of the Petro Jacyk Distinguished Fellowship, charging all future recipients of the fellowship with conceiving and organizing a symposium during their research tenure at the institute.

Dr. Wsewolod Isajiw, HURI's 2002-2003 Petro Jacyk Distinguished Fellow, noted that, while the history of Ukrainian immigration to North America, in particular to Canada, has been quite well documented and relatively better studied, the sociology of Ukrainian immigration had remained largely outside the scope of researchers. The symposium sought to remedy that situation and offered some very interesting findings that are certain to draw the attention of scholars, politicians, community leaders and the society at large.

The keynote presentation by Prof. Mary Waters, chair of the department of sociology at Harvard, titled "Transnationalism and Diasporas," laid out a general theoretical framework for the analysis of the Ukrainian diaspora community in the era of digital revolution. The four symposium sessions discussed, in turn: "The View of the Diaspora from Ukraine," "Diaspora and the New Wave of Immigration from Ukraine," "Diaspora and Ukraine: Transnational Influence" and the concluding roundtable "Transnationalism and Diaspora: What's Next?"

Diaspora communities pass through stages of development and decline, noted Wsevolod Isajiw in his paper dedicated to cycles of growth and decay of the diaspora. Some 110,000 new immigrants to the United States and 20,000 to Canada in the period between 1991 and 2001 provided the much-needed "new blood" for the aging and increasingly assimilated diaspora. At the same time, the new immigrants exposed the diaspora's weakness and lack of preparedness for new challenges.

Oleh Wolowyna, president of Informed Decisions Inc. (U.S.), and Victor Satzewich, professor and chair of the department of sociology at MacMaster University (Canada) each reported the results of their separate studies of new Ukrainian immigrants coming to their respective countries. Dr. Wolowyna focused on levels and characteristics of the recent migration from Ukraine to the United States, while Prof. Satzewich discussed some typical patterns of the immigrant adaptation in Canada.

According to Dr. Wolowyna if one added to the 56,000 ethnic legal Ukrainian migrants the ethnic Ukrainian temporary visa-holders who stayed over, the total number of the Fourth Wave can be estimated to vary between 100,000 and 120,000. Since 1996, immigrants' median age has fallen from 40 years old to 25.5 years. The largest category of migrants are refugees, followed by the "green card lottery" winners.

Prof. Satzewich's study of the recent Ukrainian immigrants to Canada revealed some specifically Canadian peculiarities of the Fourth Wave: nine out of 10 came to Canada as independent immigrants selected on the basis of their educational and professional qualifications, language fluency and other merits. The proportion of asylum-seekers was much smaller, even though Canada, with its liberal refugee protection system, is by far the most preferred destination for asylum seekers from Ukraine.

The April 9 launch of the Archives of the Ukrainian Canadian Experience at the University of Manitoba marked a project that will benefit the Ukrainian Canadian community. The new archives will assist in the preservation of the memory and heritage of Ukrainian Canadians who played a vital and active role in helping to shape the fabric of Canada.

Carolynne Presser, director of libraries for the University of Manitoba, who outlined the project's mandate "to gather papers, documents, photographs and other archival information on Ukrainian life in Canada from [those who] share our belief in supporting the teaching and research programs at the University by depositing their precious materials in the archives."

The featured presentation at the launch was by Orysia Tracz, Collections Management of the University of Manitoba Libraries, who is an expert in Ukrainian folk culture and tradition. Her topic was titled "Pysanka: More than Just an Egg; Symbolism of the Ukrainian Easter Egg." She first showed Slawko Nowytski's classic film "Pysanka" and then discussed the long historical tradition of the pysanka and the significance of its varied motifs. The topic of the pysanka was especially appropriate to open the new archives, the speaker noted, since the pysanka represents a beginning, and this indeed is the beginning of a new venture.

The University of Alberta's collection of Ukrainian folklore - the only one in North America and the biggest in the world outside of Ukraine - was named after its founder, Dr. Bohdan Medwidsky. A professor emeritus of Ukrainian studies with the University of Alberta, Faculty of Arts, Dr. Medwidsky, started the archive in 1977 when he realized there was a dearth of such material in Canada. It now contains 35,000 items in a wide variety of media. The core of the collection consists of student research projects, including photographs and taped interviews with people in Alberta's Ukrainian community.

"Once I decided to do folklore, I had to do what other folklorists were doing in North America and send students out to do field work," explained Dr. Medwidsky. "They learned not only from books but from what the folk have to say."

The archive was renamed the Bohdan Medwidsky Ukrainian Folklore Archive at a ceremony on March 27. Dean of Arts Daniel Woolf and Member of the Legislative Assembly Gene Zwozdesky were on hand to celebrate Dr. Medwidsky's contribution to the university "both as a professor and as one of the university's significant donors," said Dr. Andriy Nahachewsky, director of the Ukrainian Folklore Center. Aside from his generous personal contributions, Dr. Medwidsky has also been the most successful fund-raiser in the arts faculty, responsible for establishing endowments approaching a market value of $4 million.

The Ukrainian Canadian Program (UCP) of the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, or more precisely its co-directors, Jars Balan and Andrij Makuch, have used numerous opportunities to address audiences about different aspects of the Ukrainian experience in Canada. For example, they addressed the Canadian Association of Slavists (CAS), the American Academic Association of Slavic Studies, Canadian Ethnic Studies Association Conference, as well as a scholarly conference in Iceland.

At the CAS congress convened at Dalhousie University in Halifax in the last week of May, Mr. Makuch spoke about the breakaway Danylo Lobay faction of the Ukrainian Labor Farmer Temple Association during the 1930s as part of a Ukrainian Canadian panel chaired by Mr. Balan, with Myron Momryk of the National Archives acting as discussant. Other papers were given by Dr. Serhii Cipko, who examined the "Return to the Homeland Campaign" promoted in the diaspora by the USSR in the 1950s, and by doctoral student Aya Fujiwara, who described Ukrainian-Japanese relations in the Opal-Egremont area of Kalyna Country in Alberta.

At the same time Mr. Balan gave a presentation to members of the Association for Canadian Theater Research on the theatrical legacy of Myroslaw Irchan, a left-wing Ukrainian author and activist who spent six and a half years in Canada before returning to Soviet Ukraine, where he was subsequently arrested, sent to the gulag and ultimately shot. Taking advantage of invitations that he received from Ukrainian community groups, Mr. Balan has also spoken in the past months at very different public functions at opposite ends of the country.

In April it was reported on the front page of this newspaper that the Self Reliance New York Federal Credit Union had donated $250,000 to the Ukrainian Studies Fund's Columbia University Project. The major donation set the cornerstone for the establishment of a new $1 million endowed fund projected to support Columbia University's new Center for Ukrainian Studies. The fund was the first of several to be established at Columbia and, once endowed, it will support the teaching of primarily new courses in Ukrainian history and other traditional disciplines of Ukrainian Studies. These courses will be offered as part of the center's new inter-disciplinary curriculum.

Self Reliance's monumental gift is the largest, single donation received by the Ukrainian Studies Fund for the goal to date. "We hope that the center of Ukrainian Studies at Columbia will provide many opportunities for our youth, enabling them access to the study of Ukraine's history and related socio-political disciplines at the highest academic level. This center will become a beacon of knowledge about Ukraine in America," said Dr. Bohdan Kekish, president and CEO of the Self Reliance New York Federal Credit Union, during a gift conveyance ceremony attended by representatives of Columbia University and the Ukrainian Studies Fund.

Columbia University is eager to incorporate Ukrainian studies as an integral component of its academic infrastructure. This is especially a goal of the current president of the International Association of Ukrainian Studies, Dr. Mark von Hagen, who is professor of history at Columbia.

Moreover, the university's administration demonstrated its willingness to appoint a lecturer in Ukrainian history already for the 2003-2004 academic year, provided that the Ukrainian Studies Fund raises $1 million for the new endowment fund.

By October, it was reported that the goal of establishing a permanent program of inter-disciplinary Ukrainian studies at Columbia University took a major step forward as officials at the Ukrainian Studies Fund (USF) announced that funding for the project had reached $750,000. The sum will support a spring 2004 course on 20th century Ukrainian history that will be taught by Dr. von Hagen and Dr. Frank Sysyn of the University of Toronto.

In addition, faculty at the university and officials at the USF hope to raise a total of $5 million in order to endow a larger program of Ukrainian studies at the Ivy League school. Such a vision, Dr. von Hagen said, would include funding a visiting professor of history every other year, establishing a position in Ukrainian language teaching, and endowing a permanent chair that might move between the history and Slavic language departments. Additional funding could support a position at the school that would be responsible for archiving, processing and expanding the university library's Ukrainian materials. As well there is the potential of supporting visiting scholars from American and foreign schools who would use the university's Ucrainica collection for research purposes, and a system of scholarships and stipends for undergraduate and graduate students whose work would involve Ukrainian studies.

The endowment also received $25,000 each from the Shevchenko Scientific Society (NTSh), the Heritage Foundation of First Security Federal Savings Bank of Chicago and an anonymous donor.

A series of seven distinguished lectures titled "Ukraine: Emerging Nation" kicked off a program-building effort in Ukrainian Studies at Stanford University during the spring of 2003. Sponsored by the Center for Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies, the series featured political scientists, historians and public figures speaking on various aspects of Ukraine's current development.

The series schedule included Prof. Michael McFaul (February 10) of Stanford University, joined by Prof. Olexiy Haran (February 24) of the National University of Kyiv Mohyla Academy and Adrian Karatnycky (June 2) of Freedom House in addressing Ukraine's domestic and international political situation. Prof. Laada Bilaniuk (April 21) of the University of Washington, an anthropologist, addressed the politics of language, while historian Dr. Frank Sysyn (March 10) director of the Peter Jacyk Center for Ukrainian Historical Research at the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Alberta, sketched the background to modern Ukrainian nationalism in examining the ideology of Bohdan Khmelnytsky. Ukraine's ambassador to Canada Yuri Shcherbak (April 7) addressed international issues, and George Chopivsky (May 19), CEO of Ukrainian Development Corp. and an entrepreneur active in Ukraine, spoke on the current business climate.

Stanford University has significant resources already in Ukrainian studies. The Hoover Institution Archive has valuable archives and is expanding its collection through cooperative agreements with archives in Ukraine. Stanford's Green Library has an excellent collection of monographs and current journals in Ukrainian history, literature and current events.

The California university has been teaching undergraduates and training graduate students in East European and Russian studies since the 1920s, and has a significant commitment to international studies.

The goals of the program-building effort are to establish endowed teaching positions in Ukrainian studies, to fund fellowships for Ph.D. students in disciplines including history, political science and anthropology, and to enhance the teaching of Ukrainian subjects through visiting professors. The teaching of the Ukrainian language also is targeted.

In July the first chairholder was appointed to the Chair of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Ottawa. Dr. Dominique Arel holds the teaching position as associate professor in the department of political science, and a research appointment for five years, after which he may renew his chair position. Dr. Arel, who received his Ph.D. in political science in 1993 from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, specializes in contemporary Ukrainian studies.

According to the University of Ottawa Bulletin, the Chair of Ukrainian Studies was formally established on February 3, 1993, and launched on November 17, 1995, with Ramon J. Hnatyshyn, former Governor General of Canada, as honorary patron.

The newly appointed chair of Ukrainian Studies gave his inaugural lecture, at the University of Ottawa on October 8. In his hourlong lecture titled "Ukraine: A Return to Europe?," Dr. Arel discussed Ukraine's "quest" for Europe, more than 10 years after the fall of communism. Stating that this quest has turned into a difficult, if not painful, endeavor, the professor focused on several sober observations, among them that "those craving for 'Europe' have often felt that their desire to join is not entirely welcome. In particular, he noted that "the almost mythical idea of Europe clashes with the reality of a protectionist Europe, where deeds don't always follow rhetoric." He also provided two additional observations, namely, that the pull towards a European identity has often been accompanied by an affirmation, or reaffirmations of a Ukrainian identity and, second, that the practical application of so called "European" standards in Ukraine have often been perceived to be uneven.

In introducing the chair of Ukrainian studies at the University of Ottawa, Dr. Arel emphasized that it is the first research unit in Ukrainian studies, in North America and anywhere outside of Ukraine, to be oriented toward social sciences. As such, "we are not trying to replicate the excellent work done by more senior institutions. We are exploring a new path," he stated. In what he described as "understanding through comparison."

In his concluding remarks, Dr. Arel spoke to the Ukrainian community in Ukrainian. He then thanked the members of the chair's advisory Executive Committee and expressed warm words of appreciation to Dr. Theofil Kis, Dr. Irena Makaryk, Irena Bell, Dr. Natalie Mychajlyszyn and to his wife and daughter for their support. Dr. Arel also expressed words of profound gratitude to his mentor, the late professor Bohdan Bociurkiw, who introduced him to Ukrainian studies.

"The Making of Modern Ukraine: the European Dimension" was the title of a lecture delivered by Prof. Roman Szporluk, the Mykhailo Hrushevsky Professor of Ukrainian History at Harvard University and director of the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, of Harvard on February 28 at Cambridge University. Prof. Szporluk's appearance launched the first ever Annual Lecture Series in Ukrainian Studies at Cambridge University. Organized by the Cambridge Committee for Russian and East-European Studies (CREES), with the support of the Cambridge University Ukrainian Society and the sponsorship by the Stasiuk Program for Contemporary Ukraine at the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Alberta, the series pursued the ambitious goal of boosting academic interest in Ukrainian studies and making them a permanent presence in the curriculum of Cambridge University.

In the spring of 2001, a group of Ukrainian students at Cambridge University, a.k.a. the Cambridge University Ukrainian Society (CUUS), had come up with the idea of organizing a Ukrainian lecture. An invitation was sent to David Marples, professor of history at the University of Alberta, to deliver a lecture to the CUUS. Dr. Marples' lecture, "Ukrainian Politics and the Future of the Kuchma Regime," took place in July 2001. Dr. Marples recalled: "Talking to a group of Ukrainian students after my lecture, I asked about the state of Ukrainian studies at Cambridge. They told me it was non-existent and that the Center for Russian and East European Studies focused only on Russia. After further talks with Alex Orlov, who is from Kyiv, we hit on the idea of an annual lecture on Ukraine which I could fund from the Stasiuk Program that I direct at the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies."

The idea of the Ukrainian annual lecture series found support from Dr. Simon Franklin, chairman of the Committee for Russian and East European Studies, and a recognized expert on Kyivan Rus' history and culture. Subsequently, a lecture organizing committee was formed. The final plan boiled down to two main stipulations: first, the Annual Lecture in Ukrainian Studies Series would have a grace period of five years and its continuation would be contingent on its success; second, the speaker should be a renowned academic to give the initiative a good start.

Said Mr. Orlov, "It is quite appropriate that the first speaker of the series is Prof. Szporluk, director of the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. The two universities are very interconnected in their history. John Harvard, the first benefactor of Harvard University, was a student at Cambridge University. And although Cambridge (U.K.) and Cambridge (Mass.) are miles apart, it is wonderful to have a Ukrainian link between them. Hopefully, some day, Cambridge University will have its own Institute of Ukrainian Studies of such stature and influence as the one in Cambridge, Mass."

Meanwhile, in Ukraine, the history program of the Humanities Faculty of the Ukrainian Catholic University (UCU) in Lviv received state accreditation on July 22. That was the topic of a press conference held at the UCU on November 12, with the participation of the rector, the Rev. Dr. Borys Gudziak, and the staff of the faculty.

According to Ihor Pidkova, head of UCU's accreditation department, the accreditation process lasted two years and the UCU can now start joint educational projects with other universities. UCU students will have the opportunity to take courses offered by similar departments in other institutions. One example of such cooperation is an individualized humanities studies program arranged between UCU and Ivan Franko National University in Lviv.

"UCU is an institution in which humanities studies, based on the Christian viewpoint, can seriously, creatively and critically develop," said Father Gudziak. "We have our own unique laboratory for integrating Ukrainian society into the world, and so, undoubtedly, we deserve the recognition and support of our government."

However, Father Gudziak noted that "The problem of the accreditation of the UCU's theology program is yet to be resolved. For now, while officials in Kyiv are preparing to approve it, we are trying not to waste time and are training specialists whose diplomas are recognized worldwide. We hope, and exert every effort, to be able to admit students in 2004 for an accredited program at the Faculty of Philosophy and Theology," said Father Gudziak.

At the March 12 parliamentary hearings devoted to "The functioning of the Ukrainian language in Ukraine," which took place in Kyiv at the Verkhovna Rada, one of the invited speakers was the president of the Shevchenko Scientific Society (NTSh) in America, Dr. Larissa Zaleska Onyshkevych. Addressing an audience of the parliamentarians, as well as guests from all corners of Ukraine, Dr. Onyshkevych pointed out that in 1933, as the Soviet regime perpetrated the Famine-Genocide of the Ukrainian people, it simultaneously launched a program of Russification of the Ukrainian language, designed to lead to its eventual elimination, or linguicide.

Dr. Onyshkevych informed her audience that Ukrainians who emigrated to North America did so in order to preserve their identify - indeed often to save their lives - but have remained part of the Ukrainian people. The Ukrainian language, said Dr. Onyshkevych, represents that invisible thread binding Ukraine with the diaspora, and it must not be broken. She urged the lawmakers to create the best possible conditions for the functioning of the Ukrainian language in all areas of life in Ukraine - particularly in the news media and in publications. "Only when a country and its language present the same face, will that country be strong and respected," concluded Dr. Onyshkevych.

The hearings were opened with an address by Volodymyr Lytvyn, the chairman of the Verkhovna Rada. Other major speeches were delivered by scholar Ivan Dzyuba and by Les Taniuk, chairman of the committee that organized the hearing. There were short presentations by 20 other national deputies and scholars.

Dr. Onyshkevych was invited to speak at these hearings on the state of the Ukrainian language in Ukraine because NTSh has been in the forefront of efforts on behalf of the Ukrainian language for some time, holding conferences and seminars, publishing scholarly works, providing scholarships and grants. For example on June 14 in New York, NTSh presented an up-to-date analysis of the latest developments on the language front in Ukraine, as presented by one of the foremost authorities on the subject.

Dr. Pavlo Hrytsenko, director of the Division of Dialectology at the Institute of Ukrainian Language of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NANU), director of the Ukrainian Commission for the pan-Slavic Linguistic Atlas at the International Committee of Slavists, a member of the Ukrainian Orthography Commission at NANU, and a professor at the University of Lublin in Poland, delivered a lecture titled "The European Charter for Languages, or Who and What Threatens the Ukrainian Language Today." Prof. Hrytsenko noted both positive and negative recent developments that affect the status of the Ukrainian language.

In other news, the 23rd annual scholarly conference honoring Taras Shevchenko, which was hosted by the Shevchenko Scientific Society at its New York City headquarters on March 8, presented a distinct international flavor. While the introductory and concluding remarks belonged to its American hosts, the five scholarly lectures were apportioned between four guest speakers from Ukraine and one from Canada. Co-hosting the event were the Ukrainian Academy of Arts and Sciences in the U.S. (UVAN), the Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute (HURI) and the Harriman Institute of Columbia University. The program was chaired by Dr. Myroslava Znayenko, chairperson of the NTSh International Liaison Committee and president of the American Association of Ukrainian Studies.

The 22nd annual Conference on Ukrainian Subjects was held at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign on June 16-21. Organized by the Ukrainian Research Program under the chairmanship of Dmytro Shtohryn and held within the framework of the Summer Research Laboratory on Russian and East European Countries, the main theme of the 2003 conference was "Ukraine Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow." Speakers tackled a wide range of questions dealing with development of Ukrainian historiography, culture, economics, politics and church activities in Ukraine and the diaspora. About 50 papers were given in Ukrainian or English.

Columbia University's Harriman Institute and the School of International and Public Affairs presented former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine Anatolii Zlenko with the Distinguished Statesman Award on September 25. Mr. Zlenko was chosen for the award "because of his achievements in Ukrainian-U.S. relations in particular, but in general for his role in helping steer Ukraine through a very difficult set of years," said Dr. von Hagen, professor of history at Columbia University. The award was presented to Mr. Zlenko by Lisa Anderson, dean of the university's School of International and Public Affairs. "Mr. Zlenko has made an enormous difference in his country and in relations between his country and the rest of the world," said Dr. Anderson.

In accepting the award, presented at Columbia University's prestigious Kellog Center, Mr. Zlenko said that a statesman is someone who "submits his life to fulfill the aspirations of his fellow human beings." He added, "I will continue to serve my country as a diplomat."

Historian Robert Conquest, senior research fellow and scholar-curator of the Russian and CIS Collection at the Hoover Institution, was honored at Stanford University for his pioneering research on the Ukrainian Famine. The Center for Russian, East European and Eurasian Studies (CREEES) at Stanford held a symposium, "Famine in Ukraine: 70 Years After - A Symposium Honoring Robert Conquest for his Contribution to the Study of the Famine" on November 13. The symposium (see separate section on observances of the 70th anniversary of the Famine-Genocide) was co-sponsored by the Hoover Institution at Stanford.

A reception was held afterwards. In her remarks honoring Dr. Conquest, Prof. Kollmann stated: "In 'Harvest of Sorrow,' Prof. Conquest showed that the Famine that swept across Ukraine and Ukrainian ethnographic territories in the Kuban was a deliberate policy intended to accomplish what the campaign of collectivization in Ukraine had started - that is, the systematic elimination of social classes and national groups who posed a threat to Soviet power. In Ukraine, the target was peasants who rejected communistic collectivization of agriculture and who were regarded as the bedrock supporters of Ukrainian national culture. Conquest has put the Famine on the map as one of the most damning episodes in the tragic history of Soviet power."

On the information front, the English translation of Volume 8 of Mykhailo Hrushevsky's 10-volume "History of Ukraine-Rus'" was presented at the Shevchenko Scientific Society headquarters on February 1. Hrushevsky's monumental opus, published between the years 1898 and 1937, is considered to be the most authoritative and comprehensive account of Ukraine's history. It is being translated into English by the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (CIUS). The presentation was incorporated in a lecture by Dr. Frank Sysyn, a historian from the University of Alberta, who is the editor-in-chief of the CIUS translation project.

Hrushevsky's Volume 8, titled "The Cossack Age 1626-1650," covers the period of Kozak uprisings against Poland, which culminated in the successful Khmelnytsky revolution of 1648 - a key event in Ukraine's history. It is the third volume to be translated into English in the CIUS project, the first two being Volumes 1 and 7. Next in line for publication in this series are translations of Volumes 9, 2 and 6.

A team of specialists working on the Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine (IEU) project at the Toronto Office of the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies, is preparing the most comprehensive web-based resource in English on Ukraine and Ukrainians. This immense repository of knowledge, based on the contributions of hundreds of leading specialists from around the world, is designed to present Ukraine and its people, history and culture to the world.

Initially, the IEU will be based on the material published in the five-volume Encyclopedia of Ukraine (University of Toronto Press, 1984-1993). However, the original EU database has been and will continue to be considerably expanded and updated so that the IEU will represent a new and previously unavailable learning and information resource. Thousands of maps, photographs, illustrations, tables and other graphic or audio materials will accompany the text to make the IEU site more interesting and attractive to viewers.

Since the launch of the project in 2001, the IEU team headed by Roman Senkus (managing editor) and Dr. Marko R. Stech (project manager) has successfully completed a number of important stages of its work. Dr. Stech was responsible for developing the general concept of the IEU Internet site and for supervising the programming of this site by Jaroslaw Kiebalo. The programming stage has been successfully completed. The IEU site is fully operational and accessible at: www.encyclopediaofukraine.com.

In the meantime, a process of writing new IEU entries is also under way. Under Mr. Senkus's supervision, Andrij Makuch, the IEU senior manuscript editor, began editing new entries - particularly those dealing with post-Soviet Ukraine. Entries are being written, edited and updated daily. But the rate at which information can be added to the site will depend greatly on the availability of financial resources to engage additional qualified editorial and web personnel to work on the project.

Copyright © The Ukrainian Weekly, January 11, 2004, No. 2, Vol. LXXII

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